Internship | LEO constellation PHY and MAC modelling

About this internship

The goal is to develop a simulation-based representation of a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) communication satellite constellation with focus on the lower layers of the OSI model (Layer 1 – Physical, Layer 2 – Data Link). The primary goal is to model how LEO satellite motion and antenna configurations influence RF and optical link availability, link budgets, medium access behavior, and PHY/MAC level performance. Given the complexity, work will begin by studying the ongoing 6G NTN (Non‑Terrestrial Networks) developments within 3GPP and use these specifications as the foundation for the model. TNO experts—who are actively involved in both 3GPP and ETSI satellite communication working groups—will provide the technical guidance that underpins this effort. This work will enable realistic testing of LEO communication architectures and contributes to TNO’s research on satellite based networking systems.

What will be your role?

The intern will develop EMANE based models for a LEO satellite constellation focusing on physical layer and link layer representation. Satellite motion will be defined by provided orbital parameters such as altitude, inclination, number of satellites per orbital plane, and orbital velocity. First step will be to focus on modelling RF links, based on 3GPP 6G-NTN specifications. If time allows, extend to FSO, although that is not mandatory. The intern will introduce custom EMANE models or extensions to reflect LEO specific behavior, including:

• High velocity motion and frequent neighbor changes.
• Directional LaserCom ISLs with narrow beams.
• RF feeder links with larger coverage footprints.
• Dynamic handover patterns between satellites and ground terminals.

What we expect from you

Essential skills:

• Python programming proficiency.
• Basic understanding of orbital mechanics (detailed models provided).
• Fundamental wireless communication knowledge (PHY/MAC principles).
• Strong analytical and mathematical background.
• Ability to interpret technical documentation.

Preferred qualifications:

• Experience with data visualization.
• Familiarity with Git.
• Exposure to wireless simulation/emulation tools.

What you'll get in return

• A highly professional, innovative internship environment, within a team of top experts.
• A suitable internship allowance (615 euro for wo-, hbo- and mbo-students, for a full-time internship).
• Possibility of eight hours of free leave per internship month (for a full-time internship).
• A free membership of Jong TNO, where you can meet other TNO professionals and join several activities, such as sports activities, (work-related) courses or the yearly ski-trip.
• Use of a laptop.
• An allowance for travel expenses in case you don’t receive an OV-card.

TNO as an employer

At TNO, we innovate for a healthier, safer and more sustainable life. And for a strong economy. We find each other in wonder and ingenuity. We are driven to push boundaries. There is all the space and support for your talent and ambition. You work with people who will challenge you: who inspire you and want to learn from you. Our state-of-the-art facilities are there to realize your vision. What you do at TNO matters: impact makes the difference. Because with every innovation you contribute to tomorrow’s world.

For this internship vacancy it is required that the AIVD issues a security clearance (VGB) after conducting a security screening. Take into account that this process may take about 8 weeks. If you have been abroad for more than 6 consecutive months, or if you do not have the Dutch nationality, it may take longer.